When Should You Use LUn Instead of Un in French

When should you use lun and when should you use un? Whats the difference? Well, there are good reasons for this syntactical variation. Remember, French is rich in syntax, so what might seem like a minor difference in structure can translate into a major difference in sound or meaning. The difference between the two forms is fairly simple; it has to do with grammar and register, or the level of formality or informality of the surrounding language. 'L'Un' as a Pronoun In formal French, when un functions a pronoun, rather than an article or number, it can be replaced by lun. How do you know whether  un  is a pronoun, article, or number? Very simple: Any time  un  is followed by a preposition, usually  de, or by anything else other than a noun, its a pronoun. Otherwise,  un  is either a number (one) or an article (a, an).Tu dois choisir lun de ces livresYou have to choose one of these booksJai vu lun de ses amisI saw one of his friends 'L'Un'at the Beginning of a Sentence When un is a pronoun at the beginning of a sentence, it is nearly always replaced by lun, for reasons of euphony, or making pronunciation in this musical language as fluid and harmonious as possible.Lun de mes meilleurs à ©tudiants est à   lhà ´pital.One of my best students is in the hospital.Lun de vous doit maider.One of you has to help me. Expressions With 'L'Un' There are also a number of fixed expressions with lun. Cest tout lun tout lautre. Theres no in-between; everything is black and white.de deux choses lune   two possibilitieslun à   lautre     to each otherlun aprà ¨s lautre     one after the otherlun dans lautre     all in alllun deux, lun dentre eux, lune delles, lune dentre elles     one of themlun et lautre     both (of them)lun lautre     one another, each otherlun ou lautre     either one, one or the otherni lun ni lautre     neither onesoit lun soit lautre     either one, one or the other 'Un' as a Number or an Article When un is a number (one) or an article (a, an), it should not be replaced by lun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai un frà ¨re et deux soeurs.I have one brother and two sisters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je vois une femme.I see a woman.      Cest un Apollon.Hes an Adonis.      Un jour, à §a sera possible.One day, that will be possible.      Il est dun drà ´le !Hes so funny!

Organizational Analysis - 4673 Words

How an organization is structured has enormous consequences not only for the success of its business but, also, for the success of its employees. Though it is obvious why understanding organizations is critical to business success, nevertheless it is worthwhile to review these reasons. The structure of a firm either enhances or hinders efficiency and productivity. In other words, how information flows and to whom, whether and how many parts of the work process is redundant, how clear and precise is the reporting structure, if and how new ideas and products are promoted - these and many more issues are obvious consequences of structure and profoundly affect the success of the business. What may not be as obvious but is clearly as†¦show more content†¦Information systems are state of the art. The recipients of this information have to be able to act quickly to stay on top. Thus, they have to be very team centered (to analyze the information and to translate it into new products and services), and they have to have a great deal of leeway with respect to decision making and authority (to respond promptly to customer needs). A growing and successful construction company prided itself on building expensive homes geared to client needs and adaptable to client wants. However, client requirements were initially not addressed in depth, methods to solicit this information were not developed (e.g., the use of software that would enable clients to imagine being inside the house as it was being built), contact was initiated only when another payment was due, and only the owner could fix the final price of the house. The net result was that the owner, in effect, convinced buyers what they should want, thereby dramatically increasing the number of client-initiated changes as the clients along the way became clearer about what they wanted. 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Professional in IT Culture Electric Car Company

Question: Discuss about theProfessional in IT Culturefor Electric Car Company. Answer: Introduction John, an AI consultant has been working for a certain electric car company. The company in question has in the recent past been dealing with self-driving cars. Intensive testing has been done on the cars and the company feels they are now ready to be launched to the market. Problem is john as the manager of the AI part of the cars does not feel like the cars are actually ready for release and proposes various accident scenarios be modeled to test how well the cars can deal with them. On the other hand the company at large is confident in the cars and wants to launch it and to them john's concerns are just water under the bridge (Beauchamp, Bowie Arnold, 2004). Briefly, this is what the report aims to look deeply into i.e. the ethical dilemma facing John, some of the consequences that can arise to both the consultant and the car customers should a wrong decision , actions that can be taken be made and consequently some of the recommendations that can be given in this scenario. The Ethical Dilemma The primary issue is in this case whether John should sign off the project and give the cars an approval to pass the road tests (which consequently implies they can be released to the public). Should he sign off, there is a possibility that the cars may not be able to handle some life and death situations and thus this move will be putting the life of the customers (and other road users) at risk (Beauchamp, Bowie Arnold, 2004). On the other hand, failure to sign off means the car company's competitors may launch their cars before them, which would take away most of their expected customers. The case thus aims to answer the question, What should John do? Ethical Response According to Consequences The main reason why company makes the decision of manufacturing a certain product is so that they can satisfy a certain human need that humans are willing to pay for. Among the many attributes the said product should have are safety and unrivaled quality. Having said that, it would be wrong for the car company to release a product that is not 100% safe for use and in so doing put people at risk (Bernoth, Dietsch, Burmeister Schwartz, 2014). In the case of John, as the one responsible for the actions of the AI parts of the car, should accidents occur and injure the user(s) of the car, he will be liable for this. It would thus be prudent for him not to allow the cars to be released at this time until modeling is done and the car proven safe (Board, 2014). The company may decide (or not) to replace him which is fine since he has played his role. Ethical Response According to Consistent Application of Principles As the project manager of the AI system, John is responsible for ensuring the AI system works as per the requests of the car company. He has communicated the progress of the car learning and its current state to the CEO and the IT managers of the company (Board, 2014). He is also responsible for informing the two on any shortcoming encountered and his fears as far as launching the car is concerned; something he has already done. Being that he is just a contractor who has completed the duties he was hired for, whatever happens from here is all in the hands of the car company and he is not obliged to hold back the release. In this case, he will be required to approve the project (Leicester, 2016). Ethical Response form the View of a Caring Person The world is full of people who would do just about anything to get ahead. To them, it does not matter whether or not they hurt people on the way; money is their only goal. This is just not right. A look at the case at hand, the lives of people in a society are being put in the line of fire (Crane Matten, 2016). Yes, the company may make more money from this move but what happens to the buyers of these cars, their loved ones should anything happen to them? Same case with the company. Its reputation will be at stake (Ferguson, Thornley Gibb, 2016). The AI consultant may also lose his credibility in the field. Putting all these factors in place, the best thing to do in this case is to wait, develop the car until it is completely secure (Crane Matten, 2016). As for late launching, it is often said that good things happen to good people. The company's clients will always be there whether they launch late or not. Application of the ACS Code of Professional Conduct in this Case In this segment, the Australian code of professional conduct will be applied to the case in question. Below are values and their corresponding requirements that are applicable in this case: 1a - This requirement dictates that whatever decision John is to make should be in the interest of the public, before all others. 1c - John is obliged to raise his concerns about release of the car before it is completely safe for the buyers. 2b - As an IT professional, John is responsible for the safety of clients who use machines that have been developed from some/ all of his works. Same case applies to the car company. 3b - He will be responsible for letting the public know that the cars are not safe in the event the company decides to go ahead and release the cars without waiting for the modeling phase to be conducted. 3e - He will be required to give a comprehensive overview of the issue at hand to the car company concerned parties. In this overview, he will give a clear description of modeling why modelling is important and the resulting consequences should this step be ignored (Ferguson, Thornley Gibb, 2016). 4c He will need to follow the set standards for AI systems while developing the system. 4f - Accept responsibility for the AI systems (this should however be applicable after the company has addressed his fears) 6f - John will be required to make a decision that ensures that a substandard good that could endanger human life is released not to the market. This is because the ICT field will definitely suffer in terms of reputation tarnishing because of this. Accident Consequences: A Consultant's Defence In a situation where the John does approves the AI components while fully aware that this move could lead to consequences such as an accident, he still will have acted under the ethical code of conduct (Ferguson, Thornley Gibb, 2016). This is because inasmuch as he did approve, he had prior communicated the situation of these components to the client. This is as far as his powers go and beyond this, he had no control of whatever the created system would be used for. The company was fully aware of the possibility of the cars not being able to respond to certain situations and still went ahead and put them in the hands of the public (Grant, 2016). For John, he is not liable or whatever happens beyond this point. Recommendations From the above analysis, the most probable way for John to solve this dilemma is to not approve the AI components until the modeling is done and the cars are seen to be fit for public use. He would however need to come up with measure that ensures that this phase is completed in the shortest time possible and the company does not suffer major loses as a result of this move (Grant, 2016). Some of the reasons for this decision include: We are looking at risking the lives of a people here; nothing is ever worth this trouble. Should anything in the negative ever happen because of launching the cars without modeling, John will not be liable. The move may make the CEO and the IT managers to look deeper into the magnitude of this problem and possibly address as early as possible in preparation for launching. This move is not only ethical, but also morally right. Conclusion From the analysis done above, it is clear to see that there is more than meets the eye when it comes to dealing with an ethical dilemma. In making such a decision, one needs to consider not only what will be pleasing to the client but also to all other stakeholder more especially the public, who should be treated as the top most priority in any scenario. In the case at hand, the AI consultant is thus left with few choices from which the most appropriate would be not approving the components. Of course this will not sit well with his clients but its better than putting the lives of thousands (or even millions) of people in harms way. A tough decision but worthy nonetheless. Reference Beauchamp, T. L., Bowie, N. E., Arnold, D. G. (Eds.). (2004). Ethical theory and business. Bernoth, M., Dietsch, E., Burmeister, O. K., Schwartz, M. (2014). Information management in aged care: cases of confidentiality and elder abuse. Journal of business ethics, 122(3), 453- 460. Board, B. A. C. (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. Retrieved April, 7, 2016. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Ferguson, S., Thornley, C., Gibb, F. (2016). Beyond codes of ethics: how library and information professionals navigate ethical dilemmas in a complex and dynamic information environment. International Journal of Information Management, 36(4), 543-556. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Leicester, N. (2016). Ethics in the IT Profession: Does a Code of Ethics have an Effect on Professional Behaviour?.

Jailed And Stuck Essays (1471 words) - Family, Gender, Marriage

Jailed And Stuck Jailed and Stuck The authors Kate Chopin of ?Desiree's Baby? and Susan Glaspell of Trifles present a caste system of the 19th century. They both focus upon the theme of the inferiority of women with respect to marriage, gender, and prospective positions in a caste system of society. Actually, these two authors can be thought of as feminists of their times. Surely, many readers thought that these two authors were very liberal in their writing. Many of today's readers would be in agreement of the women's plight of past times. In each of the stories, the women characters are inferior to their husband counterparts. In ?Desiree's Baby,? Desiree knows she must believe and follow her marriage vows of ?honor, obey, and respect.? When Armand listens to gossip and does not inquire further, he believes his wife is not a white woman. He shuns both her and the baby. Desiree asks him, ?Shall I go, Armand? Do you want me to go? (Chopin 359). She finally leaves with the child without any pleading or begging for justice or explanation but out of consent. In addition, the characterization of Armand points to his dominance over his wife. This is seen when Desiree realizes ?a strange, an awful change in her husband's manner, which she dared not ask him to explain? (358). During this time, women were forbidden to question their husbands. In Trifles, Mrs. Peters is said to be ?the sheriff's wife? and ?married to the law? (Glaspell 65). She is unimportant and belonging to the sheriff more like property that one owns. This tolerance of being dominated by her male husband is emphasized by Mrs. Peters stating to Mrs. Hale, ?But Mrs. Hale, the law is the law? (61). Her husband makes the law for everyone and for her. She does not question him. Glaspell describes Minnie Foster, later known as Mrs. Wright, as happy when she was young. She dressed nicely, she sang in a choir, and she was out in society a great deal. Her husband, Mr. Wright, is characterized as being like a hermit, ?saying folks talked too much anyway? when referring to buying a telephone (57). Once Mrs.Wright married Mr. Wright, she obeys him and ends up changing her whole lifestyle. The other husbands' wives notice her change saying ?she used to wear pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster, one of the town girls singing in the choir. But that ?oh, that was thirty years ago? (60). Because these women were thought of as the ?wives,? they were told what to do, when to do it, and how to do it by their husbands. The husbands, because of their gender, see themselves as the authority figures. They do not value any of the women's opinions, thoughts, or even intelligence too highly in these stories because of the women's gender. In ?Desiree's Baby,? the baby is determined to be black; one of the parents is black. Armand sort of takes the initiative and declares himself, who is of nobility and master of the plantation by gender not to be the one tainted with the inferior bloodline. This only leaves Desiree, who does not really know her background. However, it does not matter. Desiree, being female, assumes the guilt and gets no chance to explain, or to seek explanation. This is significant because the one who actually had the black heritage was Armand. In Trifles, the men criticize the women's thoughts and opinions. The men even make fun of the women. When the women are talking about the fruit, the sheriff says, ?Well, can you beat the women! Held for murder and worryin' about her preserves? (58) . Mr. Hale also says, ?Well, women are used to worrying over trifles,? about the same situation. Neither man fully comes to understand the significance of the women's opinions nor thinks that the women could add anything to help solve the case at hand. The reader realizes that the women, with their opinions and thoughts, are the ones who actually figure out the how, who, and why of the murder. Because of the women's gender, the men in these patriarchal societies in each story do not fully realize the women's'